Renaissance Technologies LLC
- SEC CIK
- 0001037389
- Latest filing
- Aug 13, 2026
Holdings in Q4 2025
Holdings as of Dec 31, 2025, filed Feb 12, 2026. Long positions only; changes compare share counts with Q3 2025.
- Positions
- 3,185
- −272 vs. Q3 2025
- Portfolio value
- $64.5B
- −$11.3B (−14.9%) vs. Q3 2025
| Security | Class | Shares | Value | % of portfolio | Share change | Action | History |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRLDPrelude Therapeutics Inc | COM | 271,300 | $786.8K | <0.1% | −272,700−50.1% | Reduced | History |
| J P Morgan Exchange Traded F46654Q724 | HEDG EQU LAD ETF | 11,900 | $790.5K | <0.1% | −23,820−66.7% | Reduced | – |
| DOYUDouYu International Holdings Ltd | SPONSORED ADS | 116,338 | $791.1K | <0.1% | −5,100−4.2% | Reduced | History |
| AURAAura Biosciences, Inc. | COM | 145,200 | $791.3K | <0.1% | +47,592+48.8% | Added | History |
| EEXEmerald Holding, Inc. | COM | 177,163 | $791.9K | <0.1% | −10,594−5.6% | Reduced | History |
| ALGSAligos Therapeutics, Inc. | COM NEW | 85,444 | $796.3K | <0.1% | +30,425+55.3% | Added | History |
| iShares Tr464288588 | MBS ETF | 8,386 | $798.5K | <0.1% | +8,386 | New | – |
| FTKFlotek Industries Inc | COM NEW | 47,000 | $809.8K | <0.1% | −321,800−87.3% | Reduced | History |
| KRYSKrystal Biotech, Inc. | COM | 3,300 | $813.6K | <0.1% | +3,300 | New | History |
| ARK ETF Tr00214Q203 | AUTNMUS TECHNLGY | 7,100 | $814.1K | <0.1% | −14,400−67.0% | Reduced | – |
| INVEINVE Technologies, Inc. | COM NEW | 212,182 | $814.8K | <0.1% | −9,978−4.5% | Reduced | History |
| RPTRithm Property Trust Inc. | COM NEW SHS | 49,217 | $816.0K | <0.1% | −24,670−33.4% | ReducedConverted for a 1-for-6 split | History |
| AMCXAMC Global Media Inc. | CL A | 86,200 | $820.6K | <0.1% | −1,600−1.8% | Reduced | History |
| KZRKezar Life Sciences, Inc. | COM | 131,285 | $825.8K | <0.1% | +15,400+13.3% | Added | History |
| NKSHNational Bankshares Inc | COM | 24,670 | $827.2K | <0.1% | +200+0.8% | Added | History |
| MATXMatson, Inc. | COM | 6,700 | $827.8K | <0.1% | +6,700 | New | History |
| PYXSPyxis Oncology, Inc. | COMMON STOCK | 728,380 | $837.6K | <0.1% | +152,044+26.4% | Added | History |
| KALUKaiser Aluminum Corp | COM PAR $0.01 | 7,300 | $838.5K | <0.1% | +900+14.1% | Added | History |
| KELYAKelly Services Inc | CL A | 95,308 | $838.7K | <0.1% | −255,600−72.8% | Reduced | History |
| XGNExagen Inc. | COM | 138,000 | $839.0K | <0.1% | +138,000 | New | History |
| SNCRSynchronoss Technologies Inc | COM NEW | 98,374 | $842.1K | <0.1% | −7,800−7.3% | Reduced | History |
| THSTreeHouse Foods, Inc. | COM | 35,700 | $842.2K | <0.1% | −36,600−50.6% | Reduced | History |
| Invesco Exchange Traded FD T46137V464 | S&P MDCP MOMNTUM | 6,100 | $844.6K | <0.1% | +6,100 | New | – |
| LOANManhattan Bridge Capital, Inc | REIT | 181,728 | $845.0K | <0.1% | +7,900+4.5% | Added | History |
| ACIWAci Worldwide, Inc. | Stock | 17,733 | $847.8K | <0.1% | +17,733 | New | History |
| EGHT8X8 Inc | COM | 430,395 | $847.9K | <0.1% | +23,300+5.7% | Added | History |
| CIACitizens, Inc. | CL A | 175,594 | $848.1K | <0.1% | −22,000−11.1% | Reduced | History |
| IMPPImperial Petroleum Inc./Marshall Islands | COM NEW | 234,344 | $848.3K | <0.1% | +10,648+4.8% | Added | History |
| American Centy ETF Tr025072349 | US LARGE CAP VLU | 11,200 | $848.6K | <0.1% | −10,200−47.7% | Reduced | – |
| ProShares Tr74347G184 | SHORT BITCOIN ET | 36,800 | $852.7K | <0.1% | +17,200+87.8% | Added | – |
| PGCPeapack Gladstone Financial Corp | COM | 30,716 | $855.4K | <0.1% | −40,378−56.8% | Reduced | History |
| NRGNRG Energy, Inc. | Stock | 5,400 | $859.9K | <0.1% | −67,400−92.6% | Reduced | History |
| First Tr Exchange Trad FD VI33739H101 | FST TR GLB FD | 37,100 | $861.8K | <0.1% | −28,300−43.3% | Reduced | – |
| FMBHFirst Mid Bancshares, Inc. | COM | 22,200 | $865.8K | <0.1% | +6,700+43.2% | Added | History |
| STAAStaar Surgical Co | COM PAR $0.01 | 37,800 | $872.8K | <0.1% | +37,800 | New | History |
| EWCZEuropean Wax Center, Inc. | CLASS A COM | 243,100 | $875.2K | <0.1% | −132,800−35.3% | Reduced | History |
| SMTISanara MedTech Inc. | COM | 37,602 | $878.0K | <0.1% | −4,098−9.8% | Reduced | History |
| Invesco Exch TRD SLF Idx FD46138J783 | BULSHS 2027 CB | 44,702 | $882.4K | <0.1% | −528,198−92.2% | Reduced | – |
| STRRStar Equity Holdings, Inc. | COM NEW | 78,726 | $885.7K | <0.1% | −6,300−7.4% | Reduced | History |
| AMPXAmprius Technologies, Inc. | COMMON STOCK | 112,825 | $890.2K | <0.1% | +100,425+809.9% | Added | History |
| ABOSAcumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | COM | 423,100 | $892.7K | <0.1% | −161,192−27.6% | Reduced | History |
| MDXHMDxHealth SA | SHS NEW | 250,100 | $892.9K | <0.1% | +47,300+23.3% | Added | History |
| State Street SPDR Portfolio Aggregate Bond ETF78464A649 | ETF | 34,700 | $893.5K | <0.1% | +34,700 | New | – |
| RLMDRelmada Therapeutics, Inc. | COM | 185,000 | $893.5K | <0.1% | +15,300+9.0% | Added | History |
| SCLStepan Co | COM | 18,927 | $896.4K | <0.1% | −30,673−61.8% | Reduced | History |
| UBFOUnited Security Bancshares | COM | 89,048 | $896.7K | <0.1% | +10,800+13.8% | Added | History |
| ALOTAstroNova, Inc. | COM | 103,749 | $897.4K | <0.1% | +1,207+1.2% | Added | History |
| LUCDLucid Diagnostics Inc. | COM | 826,527 | $900.9K | <0.1% | +532,894+181.5% | Added | History |
| XPLSolitario Resources Corp. | COM | 1,295,706 | $902.8K | <0.1% | +178,035+15.9% | Added | History |
| AMWDAmerican Woodmark Corp | COM | 16,800 | $905.5K | <0.1% | −13,300−44.2% | Reduced | History |
| ACNBAcnb Corp | COM | 18,756 | $906.9K | <0.1% | −5,900−23.9% | Reduced | History |
| KRNTKornit Digital Ltd. | SHS | 63,300 | $910.3K | <0.1% | +5,600+9.7% | Added | History |
| VETVermilion Energy Inc. | COM | 109,300 | $911.6K | <0.1% | −108,800−49.9% | Reduced | History |
| HNNAHennessy Advisors Inc | COM | 95,389 | $915.7K | <0.1% | −399−0.4% | Reduced | History |
| XPOFXponential Fitness, Inc. | COM CL A | 111,300 | $916.0K | <0.1% | −99,800−47.3% | Reduced | History |
| ARK Blockchain & Fintech Innovation ETF00214Q708 | ETF | 19,400 | $924.0K | <0.1% | −3,700−16.0% | Reduced | – |
| LGLLGL Group Inc | COM | 160,821 | $924.7K | <0.1% | −6,200−3.7% | Reduced | History |
| ICCCImmucell Corp | COM PAR | 150,689 | $926.7K | <0.1% | −6,600−4.2% | Reduced | History |
| THRYThryv Holdings, Inc. | COM NEW | 153,200 | $926.9K | <0.1% | +78,600+105.4% | Added | History |
| SPRUSpruce Power Holding Corp | COM NEW | 182,333 | $928.1K | <0.1% | +30,013+19.7% | Added | History |
| SLDPSolid Power, Inc. | CLASS A COM | 218,600 | $929.0K | <0.1% | +218,600 | New | History |
| BBOTBridgeBio Oncology Therapeutics, Inc. | COM NEW | 74,300 | $930.2K | <0.1% | +74,300 | New | History |
| First BK Williamstown New Je31931U102 | COM | 56,656 | $932.6K | <0.1% | −7,132−11.2% | Reduced | – |
| Amplify Blockchain Technology ETF032108607 | ETF | 16,400 | $933.0K | <0.1% | −13,400−45.0% | Reduced | – |
| INVXInnovex International, Inc. | COM | 42,859 | $937.3K | <0.1% | +42,859 | New | History |
| LEGHLegacy Housing Corp | COM | 48,100 | $938.9K | <0.1% | +28,100+140.5% | Added | History |
| State Street SPDR Portfolio S&P 500 Growth ETF78464A409 | ETF | 8,800 | $939.0K | <0.1% | −19,800−69.2% | Reduced | – |
| TSHATaysha Gene Therapies, Inc. | COM SHS | 171,100 | $941.0K | <0.1% | +171,100 | New | History |
| CVLGCovenant Logistics Group, Inc. | CL A | 42,800 | $943.3K | <0.1% | −51,000−54.4% | Reduced | History |
| MHMcGraw Hill, Inc. | COM | 57,288 | $945.3K | <0.1% | +57,288 | New | History |
| AMPLAmplitude, Inc. | Stock | 81,649 | $945.5K | <0.1% | −93,466−53.4% | Reduced | History |
| RDVTRed Violet, Inc. | COM | 16,640 | $947.6K | <0.1% | −21,300−56.1% | Reduced | History |
| MDVModiv Industrial, Inc. | COM STK CL C | 65,998 | $949.7K | <0.1% | −5,751−8.0% | Reduced | History |
| FDSBFifth District Bancorp, Inc. | COM | 63,321 | $949.8K | <0.1% | +51,321+427.7% | Added | History |
| BTCSBTCS Inc. | COM NEW | 361,545 | $954.5K | <0.1% | +361,545 | New | History |
| PCHPotlatchdeltic Corp | COM | 24,000 | $954.7K | <0.1% | +24,000 | New | History |
| Invesco Exchange Traded FD T46137V100 | AEROSPACE DEFN | 6,100 | $955.4K | <0.1% | +3,900+177.3% | Added | – |
| OMEXOdyssey Marine Exploration Inc | COM NEW | 488,599 | $957.7K | <0.1% | +456,642+1,428.9% | Added | History |
| PRGPROG Holdings, Inc. | Stock | 32,484 | $958.0K | <0.1% | +23,200+249.9% | Added | History |
| INNVInnovAge Holding Corp. | COM | 184,700 | $958.6K | <0.1% | +33,800+22.4% | Added | History |
| VanEck ETF Trust92189F692 | PHARMACEUTCL ETF | 9,300 | $959.5K | <0.1% | −2,700−22.5% | Reduced | – |
| INOInovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | COM SHS | 553,164 | $962.5K | <0.1% | −263,175−32.2% | Reduced | History |
| OUTOUTFRONT Media Inc. | REIT | 39,946 | $962.7K | <0.1% | −534,186−93.0% | Reduced | History |
| PEPGPepGen Inc. | COM | 147,900 | $962.8K | <0.1% | +72,200+95.4% | Added | History |
| GPROGoPro, Inc. | CL A | 685,600 | $966.7K | <0.1% | −1,700−0.2% | Reduced | History |
| CATXPerspective Therapeutics, Inc. | COM NEW | 352,493 | $969.4K | <0.1% | +352,493 | New | History |
| FARMFarmer Brothers Co | COM | 664,036 | $969.5K | <0.1% | −91,542−12.1% | Reduced | History |
| Schwab Strategic Tr808524862 | SHT TM US TRES | 39,823 | $970.5K | <0.1% | −1,781,261−97.8% | Reduced | – |
| AMWLAmerican Well Corp | COM CL A NEW | 197,823 | $971.3K | <0.1% | −2,700−1.3% | Reduced | History |
| GERNGeron Corp | COM | 737,166 | $973.1K | <0.1% | −1,627,114−68.8% | Reduced | History |
| SEVNSeven Hills Realty Trust | COM | 109,724 | $976.5K | <0.1% | −4,910−4.3% | Reduced | History |
| BDLFlanigans Enterprises Inc | COM | 32,993 | $976.6K | <0.1% | −800−2.4% | Reduced | History |
| PLBYPlayboy, Inc. | COM | 521,126 | $979.7K | <0.1% | −105,479−16.8% | Reduced | History |
| SSPE.W. Scripps Co | CL A NEW | 246,231 | $982.5K | <0.1% | −125,981−33.8% | Reduced | History |
| Direxion Shs ETF Tr25460G187 | DAILY CSI 2X SH | 24,500 | $982.7K | <0.1% | +24,500 | New | – |
| YTRAYatra Online, Inc. | ORD SHS | 552,736 | $983.9K | <0.1% | −398−0.1% | Reduced | History |
| POWWOutdoor Holding Co | COM | 576,000 | $985.0K | <0.1% | +10,800+1.9% | Added | History |
| TOROToro Corp. | COM | 186,700 | $985.8K | <0.1% | +30,100+19.2% | Added | History |
| VINPVinci Compass Investments Ltd. | COM CL A | 75,636 | $986.3K | <0.1% | +3,504+4.9% | Added | History |
| CNACna Financial Corp | COM | 20,700 | $988.2K | <0.1% | +20,700 | New | History |
Sold out since Q3 2025 (743)
Positions held at the end of Q3 2025 that are gone from this filing.
The largest 100 of 743 by value last quarter.
| Security | Class | Shares in Q3 2025 | Value in Q3 2025 | % of portfolio in Q3 2025 | History |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METAMeta Platforms, Inc. | Stock | 482,499 | $354.3M | 0.5% | History |
| IONQIonQ, Inc. | COM | 5,079,700 | $312.4M | 0.4% | History |
| ABBVAbbVie Inc. | Stock | 928,071 | $214.9M | 0.3% | History |
| ACNAccenture plc | Stock | 819,367 | $202.1M | 0.3% | History |
| INTUIntuit Inc. | Stock | 257,148 | $175.6M | 0.2% | History |
| SNOWSnowflake Inc. | Stock | 579,448 | $130.7M | 0.2% | History |
| CRMSalesforce, Inc. | Stock | 500,895 | $118.7M | 0.2% | History |
| SPGIS&P Global Inc. | Stock | 237,522 | $115.6M | 0.2% | History |
| FDXFedEx Corp | Stock | 470,400 | $110.9M | 0.1% | History |
| Janus Detroit STR Tr47103U845 | HENDRSON AAA CL | 2,122,200 | $107.8M | 0.1% | – |
| KKellanova | Stock | 1,309,400 | $107.4M | 0.1% | History |
| NKENIKE, Inc. | Stock | 1,529,800 | $106.7M | 0.1% | History |
| CSCOCisco Systems, Inc. | Stock | 1,541,505 | $105.5M | 0.1% | History |
| VanEck Semiconductor ETF92189F676 | ETF | 289,367 | $94.4M | 0.1% | – |
| MPMP Materials Corp. | COM CL A | 1,404,600 | $94.2M | 0.1% | History |
| PFEPfizer Inc | Stock | 3,395,558 | $86.5M | 0.1% | History |
| CTVACorteva, Inc. | Stock | 1,231,662 | $83.3M | 0.1% | History |
| CCitigroup Inc | Stock | 782,338 | $79.4M | 0.1% | History |
| WINGWingstop Inc. | COM | 305,746 | $77.0M | 0.1% | History |
| EBAYeBay Inc | COM | 808,840 | $73.6M | 0.1% | History |
| APLDApplied Digital Corp. | COM NEW | 3,178,300 | $72.9M | 0.1% | History |
| NDAQNasdaq, Inc. | COM | 778,300 | $68.8M | 0.1% | History |
| RKTRocket Companies, Inc. | Stock | 3,431,394 | $66.5M | 0.1% | History |
| VRNAVerona Pharma plc | SPONSORED ADS | 615,900 | $65.7M | 0.1% | History |
| IPGInterpublic Group of Companies, Inc. | COM | 2,326,500 | $64.9M | 0.1% | History |
| State Street SPDR Portfolio Short Term Corporate Bond ETF78464A474 | ETF | 2,072,017 | $62.8M | 0.1% | – |
| CPBCAMPBELL'S Co | COM | 1,833,074 | $57.9M | 0.1% | History |
| JNJJohnson & Johnson | Stock | 306,747 | $56.9M | 0.1% | History |
| ICEIntercontinental Exchange, Inc. | Stock | 328,839 | $55.4M | 0.1% | History |
| HSIIHeidrick & Struggles International Inc | COM | 1,096,340 | $54.6M | 0.1% | History |
| TXRHTexas Roadhouse, Inc. | COM | 297,572 | $49.4M | 0.1% | History |
| VMEOVimeo, Inc. | COMMON STOCK | 6,342,800 | $49.2M | 0.1% | History |
| WTWWillis Towers Watson PLC | SHS | 140,820 | $48.6M | 0.1% | History |
| State Street Health Care Select Sector SPDR ETF81369Y209 | ETF | 341,900 | $47.6M | 0.1% | – |
| CTASCintas Corp | Stock | 230,972 | $47.4M | 0.1% | History |
| AMGNAmgen Inc | Stock | 167,245 | $47.2M | 0.1% | History |
| SOFISoFi Technologies, Inc. | Stock | 1,776,800 | $46.9M | 0.1% | History |
| BACBank of America Corp | Stock | 893,232 | $46.1M | 0.1% | History |
| iShares Tr464288158 | SHRT NAT MUN ETF | 415,800 | $44.4M | 0.1% | – |
| CTSHCognizant Technology Solutions Corp | CL A | 656,352 | $44.0M | 0.1% | History |
| iShares Tr46429B655 | FLTG RATE NT ETF | 849,051 | $43.4M | 0.1% | – |
| WBDWarner Bros. Discovery, Inc. | Stock | 2,177,400 | $42.5M | 0.1% | History |
| EXCExelon Corp | Stock | 944,252 | $42.5M | 0.1% | History |
| NINisource Inc. | COM | 980,800 | $42.5M | 0.1% | History |
| XPEVXpeng Inc. | ADS | 1,794,967 | $42.0M | 0.1% | History |
| BCSBarclays PLC | ADR | 2,027,986 | $41.9M | 0.1% | History |
| DEODiageo PLC | SPON ADR NEW | 438,300 | $41.8M | 0.1% | History |
| ORLYO Reilly Automotive Inc | Stock | 365,210 | $39.4M | 0.1% | History |
| HUBSHubSpot Inc | COM | 82,900 | $38.8M | 0.1% | History |
| COINCoinbase Global, Inc. | COM CL A | 113,400 | $38.3M | 0.1% | History |
| TRGPTarga Resources Corp. | COM | 226,491 | $37.9M | 0.1% | History |
| DYDycom Industries Inc | COM | 128,700 | $37.5M | <0.1% | History |
| Vanguard Malvern FDS922020805 | STRM INFPROIDX | 730,300 | $37.0M | <0.1% | – |
| CRDOCredo Technology Group Holding Ltd | Stock | 249,138 | $36.3M | <0.1% | History |
| SPDR Series Trust78468R200 | ST STR RATE ETF | 1,171,600 | $36.2M | <0.1% | – |
| NTRNutrien Ltd. | COM | 614,485 | $36.1M | <0.1% | History |
| WPMWheaton Precious Metals Corp. | COM | 308,767 | $34.5M | <0.1% | History |
| JCIJohnson Controls International plc | Stock | 305,044 | $33.5M | <0.1% | History |
| WMWaste Management Inc | Stock | 151,500 | $33.5M | <0.1% | History |
| EPAMEPAM Systems, Inc. | COM | 220,900 | $33.3M | <0.1% | History |
| UUUUEnergy Fuels Inc | COM NEW | 2,154,804 | $33.1M | <0.1% | History |
| ROSTRoss Stores, Inc. | COM | 214,633 | $32.7M | <0.1% | History |
| Pgim ETF Tr69344A834 | AAA CLO ETF | 604,143 | $31.1M | <0.1% | – |
| JKHYJack Henry & Associates Inc | Stock | 205,219 | $30.6M | <0.1% | History |
| OKLOOklo Inc. | COM CL A | 267,600 | $29.9M | <0.1% | History |
| LRNStride, Inc. | COM | 194,700 | $29.0M | <0.1% | History |
| MDBMongoDB, Inc. | CL A | 92,900 | $28.8M | <0.1% | History |
| HLHecla Mining Co | COM | 2,364,200 | $28.6M | <0.1% | History |
| ECLEcolab Inc. | Stock | 104,142 | $28.5M | <0.1% | History |
| SPDR Series Trust78468R101 | ST SHO TREAS ETF | 961,800 | $28.2M | <0.1% | – |
| DHRDanaher Corp | Stock | 140,736 | $27.9M | <0.1% | History |
| IEXIdex Corp | COM | 170,425 | $27.7M | <0.1% | History |
| FIVEFive Below, Inc | COM | 171,600 | $26.5M | <0.1% | History |
| BROSDutch Bros Inc. | CL A | 506,100 | $26.5M | <0.1% | History |
| NVTSNavitas Semiconductor Corp | COM | 3,623,900 | $26.2M | <0.1% | History |
| LEALear Corp | COM NEW | 253,332 | $25.5M | <0.1% | History |
| JBHTHunt J B Transport Services Inc | COM | 189,544 | $25.4M | <0.1% | History |
| PSAPublic Storage | COM | 87,234 | $25.2M | <0.1% | History |
| GLOBGlobant S.A. | COM | 437,900 | $25.1M | <0.1% | History |
| KRMNKarman Holdings Inc. | COMMON STOCK | 344,631 | $24.9M | <0.1% | History |
| MOSMosaic Co | COM | 714,980 | $24.8M | <0.1% | History |
| Sapiens Intl Corp N VG7T16G103 | SHS | 559,003 | $24.0M | <0.1% | – |
| PRUPrudential Financial Inc | Stock | 226,200 | $23.5M | <0.1% | History |
| TALTAL Education Group | SPONSORED ADS | 2,024,700 | $22.7M | <0.1% | History |
| CMICummins Inc | Stock | 52,200 | $22.0M | <0.1% | History |
| OUSTOuster, Inc. | COM NEW | 783,000 | $21.2M | <0.1% | History |
| ATIAti Inc | Stock | 259,992 | $21.1M | <0.1% | History |
| MRCMRC Global Inc. | COM | 1,448,059 | $20.9M | <0.1% | History |
| COOPMaverick Merger Sub 2, LLC | COM | 98,699 | $20.8M | <0.1% | History |
| AVTRAvantor, Inc. | COM | 1,651,100 | $20.6M | <0.1% | History |
| Sandstorm Gold Ltd Com New80013R206 | Stock | 1,625,700 | $20.4M | <0.1% | – |
| AVYAvery Dennison Corp | COM | 125,500 | $20.4M | <0.1% | History |
| TEVATeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd | SPONSORED ADS | 1,002,545 | $20.3M | <0.1% | History |
| AMBAAmbarella Inc | SHS | 242,600 | $20.0M | <0.1% | History |
| IBNIcici Bank Ltd | ADR | 642,550 | $19.4M | <0.1% | History |
| CAVACava Group, Inc. | COM | 320,250 | $19.3M | <0.1% | History |
| HALHalliburton Co | Stock | 771,995 | $19.0M | <0.1% | History |
| PBPBPotbelly Corp | COM | 1,112,954 | $19.0M | <0.1% | History |
| CRHCRH Public Ltd Co | ORD | 156,800 | $18.8M | <0.1% | History |
| ACIAlbertsons Companies, Inc. | COMMON STOCK | 1,027,080 | $18.0M | <0.1% | History |