Skip to main content

Man Group plc

SEC CIK
0001637460
Latest filing
Aug 14, 2026

Holdings in Q1 2024

Holdings as of Mar 31, 2024, filed May 15, 2024. Long positions only; changes compare share counts with Q4 2023.

Institution overview
Positions
1,964
+63 vs. Q4 2023
Portfolio value
$37.2B
+$2.40B (+6.9%) vs. Q4 2023
Filed
May 15, 2024
SEC
Holdings of Man Group plc in Q1 2024
SecurityClassSharesValue% of portfolioShare changeActionHistory
GWREGuidewire Software, Inc.COM10,215$1.19M<0.1%−15,897−60.9%ReducedHistory
IOVAIovance Biotherapeutics, Inc.COM80,583$1.19M<0.1%+68,964+593.5%AddedHistory
NOMDNomad Foods LtdUSD ORD SHS61,491$1.20M<0.1%+61,491NewHistory
ESTCElastic N.V.ORD SHS12,032$1.21M<0.1%−80,833−87.0%ReducedHistory
OUSTOuster, Inc.COM NEW151,911$1.21M<0.1%+45,289+42.5%AddedHistory
COHUCohu IncCOM36,364$1.21M<0.1%−6,168−14.5%ReducedHistory
RAMPLiveRamp Holdings, Inc.COM35,169$1.21M<0.1%+5,282+17.7%AddedHistory
INSWInternational Seaways, Inc.COM23,028$1.23M<0.1%+23,028NewHistory
WLKWestlake CorpCOM8,137$1.24M<0.1%+8,137NewHistory
VIAVViavi Solutions Inc.COM137,218$1.25M<0.1%−119,499−46.5%ReducedHistory
CRCCalifornia Resources CorpCOM STOCK22,679$1.25M<0.1%+15,733+226.5%AddedHistory
CARSCars.com Inc.COM72,751$1.25M<0.1%+37,093+104.0%AddedHistory
NWSANews CorpCL A47,811$1.25M<0.1%+385+0.8%AddedHistory
DIODDiodes IncCOM17,960$1.27M<0.1%+277+1.6%AddedHistory
JELDJELD-WEN Holding, Inc.COM59,989$1.27M<0.1%+25,616+74.5%AddedHistory
ABGAsbury Automotive Group IncCOM5,451$1.29M<0.1%+1,445+36.1%AddedHistory
AITApplied Industrial Technologies IncCOM6,516$1.29M<0.1%+2,854+77.9%AddedHistory
BZHBeazer Homes USA IncCOM NEW39,367$1.29M<0.1%+25,143+176.8%AddedHistory
NSITInsight Enterprises IncCOM6,966$1.29M<0.1%−23,596−77.2%ReducedHistory
SBHSally Beauty Holdings, Inc.COM105,374$1.31M<0.1%−709−0.7%ReducedHistory
SCSSteelcase IncCL A100,079$1.31M<0.1%+64,830+183.9%AddedHistory
TFXTeleflex IncCOM5,790$1.31M<0.1%+5,790NewHistory
CNQCanadian Natural Resources LtdCOM17,159$1.31M<0.1%+14,021+446.8%AddedHistory
AMRAlpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc.COM3,984$1.32M<0.1%+3,984NewHistory
NTLAIntellia Therapeutics, Inc.COM47,986$1.32M<0.1%−146,119−75.3%ReducedHistory
USNAUsana Health Sciences IncCOM27,681$1.34M<0.1%+1,584+6.1%AddedHistory
TRINTrinity Capital Inc.COM91,665$1.35M<0.1%+66,541+264.9%AddedHistory
TFIITFI International Inc.COM8,511$1.36M<0.1%−673−7.3%ReducedHistory
RRyder System IncCOM11,300$1.36M<0.1%+1,753+18.4%AddedHistory
SCCOSouthern Copper CorpStock12,763$1.36M<0.1%−23,002−64.3%ReducedHistory
STRLSterling Infrastructure, Inc.COM12,353$1.36M<0.1%+1,435+13.1%AddedHistory
MQMarqeta, Inc.CLASS A COM228,947$1.36M<0.1%+109,725+92.0%AddedHistory
SNBRQSleep Number CorpCOM85,396$1.37M<0.1%+85,396NewHistory
CMCanadian Imperial Bank of CommerceCOM27,299$1.39M<0.1%+3,284+13.7%AddedHistory
NFGNational Fuel Gas CoStock25,810$1.39M<0.1%−37,958−59.5%ReducedHistory
EROEro Copper Corp.COM71,938$1.39M<0.1%+71,938NewHistory
LILAKLiberty Latin America Ltd.COM CL C198,427$1.39M<0.1%+198,427NewHistory
MTSIMACOM Technology Solutions Holdings, Inc.COM14,541$1.39M<0.1%00.0%UnchangedHistory
SHOOSteven Madden, Ltd.COM32,969$1.39M<0.1%−95,892−74.4%ReducedHistory
HHHHoward Hughes Holdings Inc.COM19,264$1.40M<0.1%−7,790−28.8%ReducedHistory
VSATViasat IncCOM77,602$1.40M<0.1%+46,681+151.0%AddedHistory
QSRRestaurant Brands International Inc.COM17,691$1.41M<0.1%−20,846−54.1%ReducedHistory
WALWestern Alliance BancorporationCOM22,010$1.41M<0.1%+22,010NewHistory
QGENQiagen N.V.Stock32,928$1.42M<0.1%+32,928NewHistory
DAYDayforce, Inc.COM21,472$1.42M<0.1%−51,169−70.4%ReducedHistory
LOCOEl Pollo Loco Holdings, Inc.COM146,294$1.42M<0.1%+146,294NewHistory
MLMoneylion Inc.COMM STK19,986$1.43M<0.1%+5,985+42.7%AddedHistory
Cipher Mining Inc17253J114*W EXP 10/22/2021,058,134$1.43M<0.1%−254,227−19.4%Reduced–
ABNBAirbnb, Inc.Stock8,682$1.43M<0.1%−36,214−80.7%ReducedHistory
ITTItt Inc.COM10,550$1.44M<0.1%+4,135+64.5%AddedHistory
WECWec Energy Group, Inc.Stock17,488$1.44M<0.1%+17,488NewHistory
IARTIntegra Lifesciences Holdings CorpCOM NEW40,608$1.44M<0.1%+31,539+347.8%AddedHistory
GXOGXO Logistics, Inc.Stock26,823$1.44M<0.1%+9,775+57.3%AddedHistory
BRXBrixmor Property Group Inc.COM61,532$1.44M<0.1%+10,171+19.8%AddedHistory
PLTKPlaytika Holding Corp.COM204,947$1.44M<0.1%−145,237−41.5%ReducedHistory
AGLagilon health, inc.COM237,277$1.45M<0.1%+237,277NewHistory
FNBFNB CorpCOM103,039$1.45M<0.1%−96,379−48.3%ReducedHistory
HLMNHillman Solutions Corp.COM136,855$1.46M<0.1%+18,402+15.5%AddedHistory
PLGOPelagos Insurance Capital LtdCOM75,361$1.47M<0.1%+75,361NewHistory
DIASPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF TrustUT SER 13,691$1.47M<0.1%−5,664−60.5%ReducedHistory
XNCRXencor IncCOM66,657$1.48M<0.1%+66,657NewHistory
Rapid7, Inc.753422AF1NOTE 0.250% 3/1–$1.48M<0.1%–––
OXYOccidental Petroleum CorpStock22,808$1.48M<0.1%+16,891+285.5%AddedHistory
Liberty Media Corp531229AQ5NOTE 2.250% 8/1–$1.49M<0.1%–––
NLOPNet Lease Office PropertiesCOM62,853$1.50M<0.1%+62,853NewHistory
State Street Technology Select Sector SPDR ETF81369Y803ETF7,200$1.50M<0.1%−13,664−65.5%Reduced–
SDRLSEADRILL LtdCOM29,953$1.51M<0.1%−33,291−52.6%ReducedHistory
EVRIEveri Holdings Inc.COM150,700$1.51M<0.1%−49,379−24.7%ReducedHistory
ICEIntercontinental Exchange, Inc.Stock11,033$1.52M<0.1%−14,047−56.0%ReducedHistory
ENOVEnovis CORPCOM24,299$1.52M<0.1%+14,930+159.4%AddedHistory
HGVHilton Grand Vacations Inc.COM32,374$1.53M<0.1%+24,598+316.3%AddedHistory
EFOREverforth IncCOM14,667$1.54M<0.1%+1,396+10.5%AddedHistory
VLYValley National BancorpCOM193,040$1.54M<0.1%+193,040NewHistory
PUBMPubMatic, Inc.COM CL A64,785$1.54M<0.1%+64,785NewHistory
VCTRVictory Capital Holdings, Inc.COM CL A36,247$1.54M<0.1%+16,035+79.3%AddedHistory
CRUSCirrus Logic, Inc.Stock16,617$1.54M<0.1%+11,619+232.5%AddedHistory
PAGPenske Automotive Group, Inc.COM9,498$1.54M<0.1%+6,696+239.0%AddedHistory
PCRXPacira BioSciences, Inc.COM52,785$1.54M<0.1%−26,098−33.1%ReducedHistory
RJFRaymond James Financial IncCOM12,037$1.55M<0.1%+5,093+73.3%AddedHistory
VALValaris LtdCL A20,565$1.55M<0.1%−251,413−92.4%ReducedHistory
RLAYRelay Therapeutics, Inc.COM187,982$1.56M<0.1%+130,635+227.8%AddedHistory
KLGWK Kellogg CoCOM83,828$1.58M<0.1%+8,194+10.8%AddedHistory
SKYWSkywest IncCOM22,855$1.58M<0.1%+22,855NewHistory
VVVValvoline IncCOM35,465$1.58M<0.1%−111,963−75.9%ReducedHistory
TRNTrinity Industries IncCOM56,915$1.59M<0.1%+26,252+85.6%AddedHistory
CASHPathward Financial, Inc.COM31,600$1.60M<0.1%−51,575−62.0%ReducedHistory
BEPCBrookfield Renewable CorpCL A SUB VTG65,603$1.61M<0.1%+14,465+28.3%AddedHistory
Cinemark Hldgs Inc17243VAB8NOTE 4.500% 8/1–$1.62M<0.1%–New–
SFIXStitch Fix, Inc.Stock614,065$1.62M<0.1%−15,255−2.4%ReducedHistory
EVHEvolent Health, Inc.CL A49,913$1.64M<0.1%+49,913NewHistory
CNRCore Natural Resources, Inc.COM19,611$1.64M<0.1%+17,149+696.5%AddedHistory
State Street Consumer Staples Select Sector SPDR ETF81369Y308ETF21,537$1.64M<0.1%−23,023−51.7%Reduced–
HOVHovnanian Enterprises IncCL A NEW10,515$1.65M<0.1%+7,477+246.1%AddedHistory
NCLHNorwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd.SHS78,851$1.65M<0.1%−238,502−75.2%ReducedHistory
MRAMEverspin Technologies Inc.COM208,495$1.65M<0.1%+64,961+45.3%AddedHistory
Vail Resorts Inc91879QAN9NOTE 1/0–$1.66M<0.1%–––
PIIPolaris Inc.Stock16,542$1.66M<0.1%−9,007−35.3%ReducedHistory
WERNWerner Enterprises IncCOM42,429$1.66M<0.1%+16,719+65.0%AddedHistory
WTSWatts Water Technologies IncCL A7,824$1.66M<0.1%+3,160+67.8%AddedHistory
TXG10x Genomics, Inc.CL A COM44,565$1.67M<0.1%−182,602−80.4%ReducedHistory

Options (71)

Puts and calls in the same filing. Amounts are the market value of the underlying shares, which is what 13F reports.

Option positions of Man Group plc in Q1 2024
SecurityClassPutsCalls
SPYSPDR S&P 500 ETF TrustETF$531.7M$516.4M
State Street Financial Select Sector SPDR ETF81369Y605ETF$100.6M$100.6M
MSFTMicrosoft CorpStock$71.6M$71.6M
Invesco QQQ Trust Series I46090E103ETF$70.9M$57.1M
AAPLApple Inc.Stock$61.5M$61.5M
NVDANVIDIA CorpStock$51.3M$51.3M
AMZNAmazon Com IncStock$42.1M$42.1M
METAMeta Platforms, Inc.Stock$24.9M$24.9M
GOOGLAlphabet Inc.Stock$20.3M$20.3M
JPMJPMorgan Chase & CoStock$13.9M$13.9M
TSLATesla, Inc.Stock$15.0M$12.8M
LLYEli Lilly & CoStock$13.3M$12.9M
XOMExxonMobil Holdings CorpCOM$11.7M$11.7M
PGProcter & Gamble CoStock$9.62M$9.62M
UNGUnited States Natural Gas Fund, LPETF$9.43M$9.43M
JNJJohnson & JohnsonStock$8.92M$8.92M
MRKMerck & Co., Inc.Stock$8.43M$8.43M
VVisa Inc.Stock$8.29M$8.29M
MAMastercard IncStock$8.09M$8.04M
WMTWalmart Inc.Stock$7.51M$7.51M
MCHPMicrochip Technology IncStock–$14.6M
UNHUnitedHealth Group IncStock$7.02M$7.02M
BACBank of America CorpStock$6.95M$6.88M
ORCLOracle CorpStock$6.87M$6.87M
ABBVAbbVie Inc.Stock$6.48M$6.48M
State Street Industrial Select Sector SPDR ETF81369Y704ETF$6.59M$6.27M
AVGOBroadcom Inc.Stock$6.23M$6.23M
HDHome Depot, Inc.Stock$6.18M$6.18M
AMDAdvanced Micro Devices IncStock$6.17M$6.17M
KOCoca Cola CoStock$6.13M$6.13M
CVXChevron CorpStock$5.88M$5.88M
PEPPepsiCo IncStock$5.72M$5.72M
CSCOCisco Systems, Inc.Stock$5.11M$5.11M
CRMSalesforce, Inc.Stock$5.03M$5.06M
DISWalt Disney CoStock$4.94M$4.96M
WFCWells Fargo & CompanyStock$4.85M$4.85M
VZVerizon Communications IncStock$4.54M$4.55M
CMCSAComcast CorpStock$4.43M$4.43M
INTCIntel CorpStock$4.40M$4.42M
ABTAbbott LaboratoriesStock$4.34M$4.34M
TMUST-Mobile US, Inc.Stock$3.75M$3.79M
QCOMQualcomm IncStock$3.34M$3.34M
COSTCostco Wholesale CorpStock$3.08M$3.22M
ECHOEchoStar CORPCL A$5.70M–
PFEPfizer IncStock$2.83M$2.81M
OGNOrganon & Co.Stock–$5.64M
LAZRQLuminar Technologies, Inc.COM CL A$5.54M–
ADBEAdobe Inc.Stock$2.42M$2.42M
LINLinde PLCStock$2.37M$2.46M
MCDMcDonalds CorpStock$2.28M$2.28M
ACNAccenture plcStock$2.25M$2.25M
NFLXNetflix IncStock$2.25M$2.25M
IBMInternational Business Machines CorpStock$2.22M$2.22M
State Street Health Care Select Sector SPDR ETF81369Y209ETF$2.50M$1.85M
DHRDanaher CorpStock$1.75M$1.75M
TXNTexas Instruments IncStock$1.69M$1.71M
TMOThermo Fisher Scientific Inc.Stock$1.63M$1.63M
AMGNAmgen IncStock$1.28M$1.36M
CATCaterpillar IncStock$1.32M$1.32M
MSMorgan StanleyStock$875.7K$875.7K
UBERUber Technologies, IncStock$854.6K$854.6K
State Street Technology Select Sector SPDR ETF81369Y803ETF$874.7K$291.6K
AMATApplied Materials IncStock$556.8K$556.8K
COPConocoPhillipsStock$445.5K$445.5K
UNPUnion Pacific CorpStock$368.9K$368.9K
AXPAmerican Express CoStock$364.3K$364.3K
PMPhilip Morris International Inc.Stock$339.0K$339.0K
INTUIntuit Inc.Stock$325.0K$325.0K
NKENIKE, Inc.Stock$263.1K$263.1K
BABoeing CoStock$173.7K$173.7K
Vanguard S&P 500 ETF922908363ETF$144.2K–

Sold out since Q4 2023 (245)

Positions held at the end of Q4 2023 that are gone from this filing.

The largest 100 of 245 by value last quarter.

Positions of Man Group plc sold out since Q4 2023
SecurityClassShares in Q4 2023Value in Q4 2023% of portfolio in Q4 2023History
Invesco QQQ Trust Series I46090E103ETF374,362$153.3M0.4%–
SPLKSplunk IncCOM645,728$98.4M0.3%History
Palo Alto Networks Inc697435AF2NOTE 0.375% 6/0–$87.5M0.3%–
Parsons Corp70202LAB8NOTE 0.250% 8/1–$58.3M0.2%–
Winnebago Inds Inc974637AB6NOTE 1.500% 4/0–$31.4M0.1%–
Omnicell Com68213NAD1NOTE 0.250% 9/1–$27.6M0.1%–
BTGB2GOLD CorpCOM6,848,739$21.8M0.1%History
URBNUrban Outfitters IncCOM515,392$18.4M0.1%History
CMBTCmb.tech NVSHS970,791$17.1M<0.1%History
IMGNImmunoGen, Inc.COM535,000$15.9M<0.1%History
CPECallon Petroleum CoCOM420,682$13.6M<0.1%History
BIOBio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.CL A40,743$13.2M<0.1%History
FCNCAFirst Citizens Bancshares IncCL A9,154$13.0M<0.1%History
GGBGerdau S.A.SPON ADR REP PFD2,343,075$11.4M<0.1%History
KRTXKaruna Therapeutics, Inc.COM35,000$11.1M<0.1%History
TripAdvisor, Inc.896945AD4NOTE 0.250% 4/0–$10.8M<0.1%–
Enerplus Corp292766102COM693,687$10.6M<0.1%–
FOXAFox CorpCL A COM312,632$9.28M<0.1%History
State Street SPDR S&P Biotech ETF78464A870ETF100,653$8.99M<0.1%–
GTGoodyear Tire & Rubber CoCOM607,855$8.70M<0.1%History
BVHBluegreen Vacations Holding CorpCLASS A100,000$7.51M<0.1%History
RYZBRayzeBio, Inc.COM120,000$7.46M<0.1%History
VACMarriott Vacations Worldwide CorpCOM86,804$7.37M<0.1%History
Splunk Inc848637AD6NOTE 1.125% 9/1–$7.30M<0.1%–
ALBAlbemarle CorpStock49,481$7.15M<0.1%History
IPInternational Paper CoCOM192,589$6.96M<0.1%History
ESMTEngageSmart, Inc.COMMON STOCK300,000$6.87M<0.1%History
AELAmerican National Group Inc.COM122,231$6.82M<0.1%History
iShares Tr4642874407-10 YR TRSY BD70,552$6.80M<0.1%–
MGRCMcGrath RentcorpCOM55,211$6.60M<0.1%History
FYBRFrontier Communications Parent, Inc.COM250,320$6.34M<0.1%History
PRKSUnited Parks & Resorts Inc.COM116,410$6.15M<0.1%History
Zscaler, Inc.98980GAB8NOTE 0.125% 7/0–$6.03M<0.1%–
Euronet Worldwide, Inc.298736AL3NOTE 0.750% 3/1–$5.71M<0.1%–
MAAMid America Apartment Communities Inc.COM40,000$5.38M<0.1%History
MicroStrategy Inc594972AC5NOTE 0.750%12/1–$5.01M<0.1%–
SOFISoFi Technologies, Inc.Stock495,652$4.93M<0.1%History
MASIMasimo CorpCOM41,955$4.92M<0.1%History
RACEFerrari N.V.COM13,888$4.70M<0.1%History
Cytokinetics Inc23282WAC4NOTE 3.500% 7/0–$4.55M<0.1%–
Itron, Inc.465741AN6NOTE 3/1–$4.37M<0.1%–
Datadog, Inc.23804LAB9NOTE 0.125% 6/1–$4.09M<0.1%–
MDRXVeradigm Inc.COM387,665$4.07M<0.1%History
AGIOAgios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.COM180,428$4.02M<0.1%History
GCTGigaCloud Technology IncStock213,027$3.90M<0.1%History
LTHMLivent Corp.COM209,018$3.76M<0.1%History
DASHDoorDash, Inc.Stock36,568$3.62M<0.1%History
INMDInMode Ltd.SHS160,437$3.57M<0.1%History
Five9, Inc.338307AD3NOTE 0.500% 6/0–$3.46M<0.1%–
SEDGSolaredge Technologies, Inc.COM36,516$3.42M<0.1%History
TRIPTripAdvisor, Inc.COM151,866$3.27M<0.1%History
BCYCBicycle Therapeutics PLCSPONSORED ADS174,074$3.15M<0.1%History
ETRNMidstream Co LLCCOM306,265$3.12M<0.1%History
THSTreeHouse Foods, Inc.COM71,637$2.97M<0.1%History
UUnity Software Inc.COM71,901$2.94M<0.1%History
Cyberark Software Ltd23248VAB1NOTE 11/1–$2.88M<0.1%–
OZKBank OZKCOM50,153$2.50M<0.1%History
ONBOld National BancorpStock140,822$2.38M<0.1%History
WEXWEX Inc.COM12,200$2.37M<0.1%History
DISH Network CORP25470MAF6NOTE 12/1–$2.35M<0.1%–
FLNCFluence Energy, Inc.COM CL A96,661$2.31M<0.1%History
HDBHDFC Bank LtdSPONSORED ADS31,729$2.13M<0.1%History
iShares Inc464286640MSCI CHILE ETF73,569$2.08M<0.1%–
ONEWOneWater Marine Inc.CL A COM54,710$1.85M<0.1%History
MGPIMGP Ingredients IncCOM18,506$1.82M<0.1%History
INSMINSMED IncCOM PAR $.0156,568$1.75M<0.1%History
VSTOVista Outdoor Inc.COM58,799$1.74M<0.1%History
BIRKBirkenstock Holding plcCOM SHS34,017$1.66M<0.1%History
FUTUFutu Holdings LtdSPON ADS CL A28,961$1.58M<0.1%History
MLCOMelco Resorts & Entertainment LTDADR168,642$1.50M<0.1%History
Spirit Airls Inc848577AB8NOTE 1.000% 5/1–$1.39M<0.1%–
DDominion Energy, IncStock29,040$1.36M<0.1%History
FLNGFlex LNG Ltd.SHS46,814$1.36M<0.1%History
SKTTanger Inc.COM45,459$1.26M<0.1%History
NNDMNano Dimension Ltd.SPONSORD ADS NEW513,849$1.23M<0.1%History
PNWPinnacle West Capital CorpCOM16,895$1.21M<0.1%History
AGNTAGNT, Inc.COM76,923$1.19M<0.1%History
DHILDiamond Hill Investment Group IncCOM NEW7,080$1.17M<0.1%History
Bilibili Inc.090040AB2NOTE 1.375% 4/0–$1.17M<0.1%–
NNOXNano-X Imaging Ltd.ORD SHS173,600$1.11M<0.1%History
BFAMBright Horizons Family Solutions Inc.COM10,664$1.00M<0.1%History
JMIAJumia Technologies AGSPONSORED ADS283,800$1.00M<0.1%History
GLWCorning IncCOM32,531$990.6K<0.1%History
JBSSSanfilippo John B & Son IncCOM9,388$967.3K<0.1%History
Splunk Inc848637AF1NOTE 1.125% 6/1–$951.1K<0.1%–
FATEFate Therapeutics IncCOM252,676$945.0K<0.1%History
Bilibili Inc.090040AF3NOTE 0.500%12/0–$930.0K<0.1%–
BFHBread Financial Holdings, Inc.COM28,226$929.8K<0.1%History
OPIOffice Properties Income TrustCOM SHS BEN INT126,917$929.0K<0.1%History
MCFTMasterCraft Boat Holdings, Inc.COM40,378$914.2K<0.1%History
SUMSummit Materials, Inc.CL A23,206$892.5K<0.1%History
WORWorthington Enterprises, Inc.COM15,325$882.0K<0.1%History
OSGOctave Specialty Group IncCOM NEW52,817$870.4K<0.1%History
Enphase Energy, Inc.29355AAK3NOTE 3/0–$847.9K<0.1%–
GPNGlobal Payments IncStock6,629$841.9K<0.1%History
CNSCohen & Steers, Inc.COM10,575$800.8K<0.1%History
SLPSimulations Plus, Inc.COM17,775$795.4K<0.1%History
PNFPPinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.COM8,959$781.4K<0.1%History
LQDTLiquidity Services IncCOM44,458$765.1K<0.1%History
MACMacerich CoCOM49,448$763.0K<0.1%History